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南昌航空大学Materials Today:基于D-半胱氨酸功能化活性炭分级回收二次资源中的金和银

  • 2026-03-23 20:42:01
南昌航空大学Materials Today:基于D-半胱氨酸功能化活性炭分级回收二次资源中的金和银

【研究背景】

二次资源含有可回收的Au(III)、Ag(I)和Al(III)等贵金属,具有巨大的回收应用前景。从二次资源中回收贵金属具有经济和环境的双重效益,引起了科学家的广泛关注。为了降低能耗并提高回收效率,二次资源中的这些金属通常通过吸附剂捕获。然而电子废弃物浸出液和铜阳极泥中含有多种物理化学性质相似的金属离子,这阻碍了目标贵金属的选择性回收。此外,原始吸附剂的活性位点有限,导致对Au(III)和Ag(I)的特异性识别能力弱,吸附能力差。

南昌航空大学李波和罗胜联教授开发了一种用手性氨基酸修饰的环保型椰壳活性炭,用于贵金属回收。D-半胱氨酸修饰的活性炭(AC-(D)SH)对Au(III)和Ag(I)表现出极高的吸附容量,分别为3783.8 mg/g和2076.6 mg/g,并具有显著的可再生性和优异的选择性。AC-(D)SH 能够从废弃CPU和废旧太阳能电池板中分别回收高纯度的Au和Ag,并实现了从铜阳极泥中分步回收Au/Ag。

【研究内容】

为了开发具有卓越回收性能的吸附剂,使用不同的氨基酸对椰壳AC进行了修饰。合成过程如图1a所示。D-半胱氨酸、L-半胱氨酸、D-2-氨基丁酸和L-2-氨基丁酸通过酰胺化反应直接接枝到AC上(图1b),分别形成AC-(D)SH、AC-(L)SH、AC-(D)ABA和AC-(L)ABA。作者通过SEM、EDS、元素分析、XPS、FTIR光谱、TGA和接触角对所制备材料的结构和形貌进行了表征。

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of the preparation process of AC-(D)SH. (b) Schematic of the reaction mechanism between AC and D-cysteine. SEM images of (c) AC, (d) AC-(D) SH. (e) Elemental mapping for AC-(D)SH. (f) Elemental analysis and (g) full XPS spectra of AC, AC-(L)SH, AC-(L)ABA, AC-(D)SH, and AC-(D)ABA.

为了评估不同类型氨基酸接枝对AC吸附性能的影响,研究了AC、AC-(L)SH、AC-(L)ABA、AC-(D)SH和AC-(D)ABA对Ag(I)和Au(III)的最大吸附容量。如图2a所示,氨基酸修饰的AC对贵金属的吸附性能显著增强。其中,AC-(D)SH对Au(III)和Ag(I)表现出最佳的吸附容量,分别高达3783.8 mg/g和2076.6 mg/g。这源于通过酰胺化接枝的D-半胱氨酸对AC的修饰,它引入了丰富的含硫活性位点,这与传统的AC修饰策略截然不同。与各种已报道的碳基及其他类型的吸附剂相比(图2b-c),AC-(D)SH对Ag(I)和Au(III)均表现出优异的吸附性能。进一步考察了AC-(D)SH对Ag(I)/Au(III)的动力学、热力学、pH的影响和吸附剂的质量的影响。鉴于实际废水和电子废弃物中多种离子的共存,吸附剂的选择性对于高效回收贵金属至关重要。在两个不同的多离子体系中研究了AC-(D)SH对Ag(I)和Au(III)的吸附性能。结果显示,AC-(D)SH对Ag(I)和Au(III)的吸附容量分别为1251.3 mg/g和2813 mg/g,远远超过其他共存离子(图2f, 2h)。此外,Ag(I)/Au(III)的高分配系数(Kd)和选择性系数(β)值,与各种竞争离子的低值形成鲜明对比(图2g, 2i),也证明了通过创新的D-半胱氨酸酰胺化接枝所带来的选择性Ag(I)/Au(III)识别能力。因此,具有丰富含硫活性位点的AC-(D)SH是一种有前景的高效吸附剂,可用于从复杂的实际多离子体系中选择性分离和富集Au(III)和Ag(I)。

Fig. 2. (a) Maximum Ag(I)/Au(III) adsorption capacities of AC, AC-(L)SH, AC-(L)ABA, AC-(D)SH, and AC-(D)ABA. Comparison of the maximum adsorption capacities of Au(III) (b), and Ag(I) (c) for AC-(D)SH with those of reported adsorbents. (d) Adsorption kinetic results of AC-(D)SH for Au(III) (upper panel) and Ag(I) (lower panel) fitted by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich models. (e) Adsorption capacities of AC-(D)SH for Ag(I)/Au(III) at different pH (f) Selectivity of AC-(D)SH for Au(III) (initial concentration: 2 g/L). (g) K d (initial concentration: 1 g/L). (i) K d and β of AC-(D)SH for Au(III) and multiple cations. (h) Selectivity of AC-(D)SH for Ag(I) ◦ and β of AC-(D)SH for Ag(I) and multiple cations. Experimental conditions: dosage = 0.4 g/L, temperature = 30 ℃,initial concentration: 2 g/L for Au(III), 1 g/L for Ag(I), pH = 7 (except Fig. 2e).)

为了研究AC-(D)SH对贵金属的吸附机理,使用SEM、XRD和XPS对吸附Au(III)/Ag(I)前后的AC-(D)SH进行了表征。推断AC-(D)SH与Ag(I)/Au(III)之间的氧化还原反应如下:

(1) -SH + Au³⁺ → -S-Au + Au(0)↓ + SO₄²⁻(2) -SH + Ag⁺ → -S-Ag + Ag(0)↓ + SO₃²⁻/SO₄²⁻(3) -NH₂ + Ag⁺/Au³⁺ → -NH-Ag/Au + Ag(0)↓/Au(0)↓ + NO₃⁻

采用开路电位(OCP)测量来研究AC-(D)SH与贵金属之间的电子转移机制。结果表明D-半胱氨酸修饰增强了AC的还原性,使其能够向Ag(I)/Au(III)转移足够的电子。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)结果表明,D-半胱氨酸修饰降低了AC的电子转移电阻引入的活性基团 -NH₂ 和 -SH 降低了材料的内部传输电阻,从而促进了AC-(D)SH与Au(III)/Ag(I)之间的还原和配位作用。

Fig. 3. SEM images of (a) AC-(D)SH and (b) AC-(D)SH@Ag. (c) EDS mapping of AC-(D)SH@Ag. SEM images of (d) AC-(D)SH and (e) AC-(D)SH@Au. (f) EDS mapping images of AC-(D)SH@Au. (g) XRD patterns of AC-(D)SH, AC-(D)SH@Ag, and AC-(D)SH@Au. Blue and orange lines present the standard phases of Ag(0) (JCPDS: 04–0783) and Au(0) (JCPDS: 04–0784), respectively. (h) High-resolution Au 4f XPS spectrum of AC-(D)SH@Au. (i) High-resolution Ag 3d XPS spectrum of AC-(D) SH@Ag. (j) OCP of AC and AC-(D)SH before and after adding Ag(I)/Au(III). (k) EIS Nyquist plot of AC and AC-(D)SH. (l) VB XPS spectra of AC and AC-(D)SH.

AC-(D)SH和AC-(L)SH吸附Au(III)/Ag(I)后形成的络合物的结合能如图5a-b所示。所有负的结合能证实了Au(III)/Ag(I)在两种吸附剂上的自发吸附,其中AC-(D)SH形成的络合物比AC-(L)SH更稳定。这种稳定性差异源于手性 -NH₂ 基团的空间排列,其立体异构变化调节了对Ag(I)/Au(III)的结合亲和力。AC-(D)SH与Au(III)/Ag(I)之间这种更强的相互作用导致了增强的吸附性能。

Fig. 5. (a) Molecular electrostatic potential diagrams of AC-(D)SH and AC-(L)SH before and after Ag(I) adsorption. (b) Molecular electrostatic potential diagrams of AC-(D)SH and AC-(L)SH before and after Au(III) adsorption. (c) IRI isosurfaces and scatter plots of AC-(D)SH and AC-(L)SH before and after Ag(I) adsorption. (d) IRI isosurfaces and scatter plots of AC-(D)SH and AC-(L)SH before and after Au(III) adsorption. (e) Energy profile for the adsorption pathway of [AuCl]4-on AC-(D)SH. (f) Schematic illustration of the proposed dechlorination and reduction processes of [AuCl]4- with the participation and catalysis of water.  

通过相互作用区域指示函数(IRI)进一步分析了Au(III)/Ag(I)与AC-(D)SH之间的相互作用机制。IRI等值面和散点图如图5c-d所示。不同颜色的区域表示不同的相互作用类型(浅蓝色:氢键;绿色:范德华力;红色:空间位阻;深蓝色:化学键)。与AC-(L)SH相比,AC-(D)SH在吸附Au(III)/Ag(I)后形成了更稳定的化学键,使其更有利于Au(III)/Ag(I)的吸附。D-半胱氨酸中官能团的空间排列为Au(III)和Ag(I)提供了最佳的配位几何结构。因此,AC-(D)SH与这些金属离子形成的化学键比AC-(L)SH更稳定,赋予其对Au(III)和Ag(I)更有利的吸附亲和力。作者进一步通过DFT解释了[AuCl₄]⁻在吸附过程中脱氯和还原机理。结果表明,水分子在AC-(D)SH吸附过程中促进了[AuCl₄]⁻的脱氯和还原。

AC-(D)SH吸附的Au(III)/Ag(I)可以通过硫脲洗脱,而还原吸附的Au(0)/Ag(0)则可以通过HNO₃以离子形式解吸。因此能够定量分析由配位和还原主导的吸附比例。此外,通过将单一官能团(-NH₂ 或 -SH)接枝到AC表面,并结合解吸机理,可以推断出每个官能团在配位和还原吸附中所占的百分比。

Fig. 6. Contribution ratios of both mechanisms and functional groups to (a) Ag(I) and (b) Au(III) capacity. (c) Schematic of the Ag recovery from SPs (i), Au recovery from CPUs (ii), and cascading Au/Ag recovery from CAM using AC-(D)SH (iii). Cost breakdown of (d) Ag recovery from SPs, (e) Au recovery from CPUs. (f) Economic analysis of the Ag and Au recovery from SPs, CPUs, and CAM.

基于以上设想,首先用纯硫脲处理饱和的AC-(D)SH@Ag,解吸了约51%的Ag(I)。剩余的49%的Ag(0)需要用HNO₃解吸(图6a),这与其Ag(I)吸附的XPS结果一致。为了研究 -NH₂ 和 -SH 对吸附容量的影响,用与D-半胱氨酸具有相同碳骨架的正丁酸、D-2-氨基丁酸和3-巯基丙酸分别修饰AC,得到AC-(D)Z(无氨基和巯基)、AC-(D)ABA(含 -NH₂)和AC-(D)S(含 -SH)。AC-(D)Z对Ag(I)的吸附容量为88.6 mg/g,且吸附的Ag(I)可被硫脲完全解吸,这表明修饰后的AC及AC本身的物理吸附对AC-(D)SH总容量的贡献约为4%,归类为"其他机理"。因此,通过还原、配位和其他机理吸附的Ag(I)分别约占49%、47%和4%。此外,AC-(D)ABA对Ag(I)的吸附容量为721.6 mg/g,其中70%的吸附态Ag(I)(约占总容量的20%)可被硫脲解吸,30%的Ag(0)(约占总容量的10.4%)需要用HNO₃解吸。这表明 -NH₂ 介导的配位和还原吸附分别贡献了总容量的约21%和10%。类似地,AC-(D)S的结果表明,-SH 介导的配位和还原吸附分别占总容量的约1%和29%。相应地,-NH₂ 和 -SH 在配位和还原吸附中的协同效应对AC-(D)SH吸附Ag(I)总容量的贡献分别约为26%和8%(图6a)。

作者使用相同方法研究了AC-(D)SH的不同机理和官能团对Au(III)吸附的影响。如图6b所示,还原吸附、配位吸附和其他机理分别占总Au(III)吸附容量的约64%、29%和7%。具体而言,-NH₂ 介导的配位和还原吸附分别约占1%和29%,而 -SH 介导的这两种机理分别约占6%和47%。-NH₂ 和 -SH 的协同效应对配位和还原吸附的贡献分别约为22%和6.1%。

作者将其用于从太阳能电池板(SP)、CPU和铜阳极泥(CAM)中回收Au和Ag(图6c),同时分析了回收过程的经济价值。(1)在高浓度Ag(I)体系(1491.3 mg/L)中,回收效率达到了52.9%。经过5次连续吸附-解吸循环后,AC-(D)SH的吸附容量保持在1590 mg/g。值得注意的是,当Ag(I)浓度降至396 mg/L时,AC-(D)SH几乎完全回收了Ag(I),展示了其优异的实际应用性。对含Ag(I)的沉淀进行加热/熔融处理,得到了纯度为99.99%的金属Ag。(2)作者通过用黄金剥离粉处理废弃CPU获得含Au(III)的浸出液,并测试了AC-(D)SH对Au(III)的回收性能。尽管浸出液中Au(III)浓度很高(2570 mg/L),AC-(D)SH仍实现了50.7%的回收率(表S17),优于在高浓度CPU浸出液(1330.1 mg/L,42.50%)下的热解碳。值得注意的是,当Au(III)降至579 mg/L时,回收率达到100%。(3)测试了AC-(D)SH从铜阳极泥浸出液(Au(III): 370 mg/L, Ag(I): 376 mg/L)中回收Au和Ag的能力。值得注意的是,AC-(D)SH对Au(III)和Ag(I)的回收率均达到了100%。从2000 g铜阳极泥中成功回收了0.28 g单质Au和1.33 g单质Ag,实现了高效的分步回收。

【研究结论】

1、系统比较了D型和L型半胱氨酸以及氨基丁酸修饰的AC的吸附性能,并通过DFT计算和IRI分析,从分子层面揭示了手性基团的空间构型差异如何影响与金属离子的配位稳定性和吸附亲和力,为设计高选择性吸附剂提供了新思路。

2、通过结合不同洗脱液和合成只含单一官能团的模型吸附剂,测试出对不同吸附机理和不同官能团对总吸附容量的定量贡献。

原文链接:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103254

来源:科研云上

声明:仅代表作者个人观点,作者水平有限,如有不科学之处,请在下方留言指正!

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000602s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=aa460;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000735s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.011733s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000368s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000635s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000218s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000591s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 480445 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.008710s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1776277270 WHERE `id` = 480445 [ RunTime:0.046052s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001875s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 480445 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000564s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 480445 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.005290s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 480445 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.001934s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 480445 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.003244s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 480445 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.007840s ]
0.168128s