当前位置:首页>南昌>【JACS】南昌大学熊仁根、廖伟强|2 类铁弹性相变加持!发现依靠键合可逆切换实现自修复的新型钙钛矿晶体

【JACS】南昌大学熊仁根、廖伟强|2 类铁弹性相变加持!发现依靠键合可逆切换实现自修复的新型钙钛矿晶体

  • 2026-06-18 05:07:55
【JACS】南昌大学熊仁根、廖伟强|2 类铁弹性相变加持!发现依靠键合可逆切换实现自修复的新型钙钛矿晶体

【JACS】南昌大学熊仁根、廖伟强|2 类铁弹性相变加持!发现依靠键合可逆切换实现自修复的新型钙钛矿晶体

文章标题:Metal–Organic Framework Goes Perovskite: A Self-Healing Neutral X-Site Perovskite Ferroelastic Crystal

通讯作者:Wei-Qiang Liao、Ren-Gen Xiong

文章链接:https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c08330

文章概要

引言

ABX₃型钙钛矿与金属有机框架(MOF)都是功能材料领域的经典研究体系,两类材料的结构融合一直是前沿探索方向,但以中性基团作为钙钛矿 X 位、兼具 MOF 骨架特征的新型钙钛矿,相关研究至今仍十分有限。自修复材料能够自主修复损伤、延长使用寿命,拥有极高的实用价值,目前聚合物、水凝胶等软质自修复材料的研究已较为成熟,可分子晶体因结构高度规整、刚性强且分子扩散难度大,实现自修复始终是一大挑战。传统离子型钙钛矿发生相变时,仅会出现无机骨架的倾斜与畸变,金属离子和阴离子 X 位之间的离子键不会断裂,这类材料的自修复现象十分罕见,且现有机制大多依赖离子扩散。金属离子与有机配体之间可形成配位键、金属 -π 非共价作用等多种动态相互作用,理论上能依靠化学键可逆切换实现自修复,不过基于中性有机配体构筑的中性钙钛矿,以及这类体系的键合切换型自修复性能,此前一直处于研究空白。基于上述背景,本研究设计合成新型中性 X 位钙钛矿晶体,尝试挖掘分子晶体全新的自修复机制。

Scheme 1. Schematic Illustrations of the Metal–X Bond Change during the Phase Transition of Traditional and Neutral X-Site ABX3 Perovskites

主要实验及结论

研究团队以六氟锑酸银和吡嗪为原料,按照 1:5 的摩尔比配制反应物,采用乙腈与甲醇 4:1 混合的溶剂体系,在 278 K 条件下通过缓慢溶剂挥发法生长晶体,最终得到目标晶体 (SbF₆) Ag (pyrazine)₃,简称 NXP。研究利用变温单晶 X 射线衍射解析不同温度下的晶体结构,证实 NXP 成功构筑出ABX₃型钙钛矿三维拓扑结构,彻底打破传统钙钛矿 X 位为阴离子的固有模式,该材料的 X 位由中性吡嗪分子充当。晶体中每个 Ag⁺与六个吡嗪分子形成八面体配位结构,AgN₆八面体通过共顶点方式连接形成三维阳离子骨架,SbF₆⁻阴离子填充在骨架空腔内,经计算其戈尔德施密特容差因子约为 0.87,符合钙钛矿结构形成要求。根据温度不同,晶体可分为 373 K 高温相、300 K 中间相和 83 K 低温相三种物相,高温相为立方3m 点群,吡嗪配体与 SbF₆⁻阴离子均存在动态旋转无序;降温至室温后晶体转为正交晶系,分子无序度明显下降;继续降温至低温相,所有分子的无序运动完全冻结,同时晶体中部分Ag⁺-N 配位键发生断裂,原本的配位作用被弱的 Ag⁺・・・π 相互作用取代,这也是有机 - 无机杂化钙钛矿中首次观测到配位键向金属 -π 作用的可逆结构转变。

Figure 1. Crystal structures of NXP in different phases. (a–c) Basic perovskite unit of NXP in HTP at 373 K (a), ITP at 300 K (b) and LTP at 83 K (c). The atoms of C, N, Ag, Sb, F, and the pyrazine ring’s π-conjugated system are colored gray, blue, pink, yellow, green and white, respectively. The pink dotted line indicates Ag+···π interaction. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. (d) The lattice relationship between HTP (red), ITP (gray) and LTP (blue) of NXP. (e, f) Directions of displacement for Ag+ and Sb5+ ions from their equilibrium positions in HTP, shown for the ITP (e) and LTP (f). (g) Equatorial plane projection depicting the symmetry breaking from HTP to ITP and then to LTP.

差示扫描量热测试结果证实,NXP 存在两步可逆铁弹性相变,升温过程中分别在 163 K、322 K 发生相变,对应 Aizu 分类里 mm2Fm 型重构型铁弹性相变与 3mFmm2 型有序 - 无序铁弹性相变。163 K 低温相变的焓变为 18.68 J/g,比 322 K 高温相变 0.26 J/g 的焓变高出两个数量级,说明低温相变伴随剧烈的结构重构。二次谐波产生、介电常数、压电力显微镜、双折射等多项物性测试,进一步验证了相变引发的晶体对称性变化,该材料在三个物相区间内均保持非中心对称结构,具备稳定的压电活性,而且它在极低温环境下的压电响应,显著优于钛酸钡、硫酸三甘氨酸等常规铁电晶体,在低温机电耦合系统中具备良好应用潜力。定量计算得出,低温重构相变产生的自发应变达到 0.0549,是高温相变应变的近十倍,巨大的晶格应变会直接让晶体产生微观裂纹,这一变化过程也通过偏光显微镜完成了实时可视化观测。

Figure 2. Phase transition of NXP. (a) DSC curves. (b) Temperature-dependent SHG response. (c) Real part (ε′) of the dielectric permittivity as a function of temperature (60 K–180 K) at selected frequencies. (d) Piezoresponse as a function of excitation frequency for NXP, measured at 2 and 293 K and fitted with the SHO model. (e) Temperature dependence of birefringence during the cooling process. For selected data points, corresponding optical micrographs are displayed, with the upper set showing the view under cross-polarized light and the lower set showing the state of complete extinction achieved using a Berek compensator.

Figure 3. Ferroelastic domain evolution and self-healing behavior between ITP and LTP of NXP crystal. (a–d) Polarized light microscopy image at selected temperatures. (e–h) Corresponding morphology images. (i, j) Load–displacement curves of NXP crystal collected at (i) pristine state and (j) self-healed state, respectively, revealing almost complete retention of mechanical properties including Young’s modulus and hardness.

温度循环实验中研究人员发现,当温度回升、晶体从低温相恢复至室温中间相时,此前因晶格应变产生的微观裂纹能够近乎完全自愈,展现出优异且可逆的自修复能力。纳米压痕测试用来评价修复后的力学性能,结果显示自修复晶体的杨氏模量保留率为 91.7%,硬度保留率为 97.2%,证明晶体在晶格层面实现了高质量修复。变温拉曼光谱与变温单晶 X 射线衍射从微观尺度佐证了整个过程,相变循环中光谱特征峰、衍射斑点均呈现完全可逆的变化规律,印证了结构转变和自修复行为的内在关联。为排除热冲击、晶体本征缺陷等干扰因素,团队对吡嗪配体进行改性,分别引入氟原子、甲基合成两种对照晶体,实验表明这两种改性晶体在低温下均未发生相变,也没有出现开裂现象,由此确定 NXP 的开裂与自修复行为完全由低温重构型铁弹性相变主导

Figure 4. Microscopic evidence for the self-healing behavior between ITP and LTP of NXP crystal. (a) Temperature-dependent Raman spectra of NXP during the successive cooling and warming process. (b) Evolution of diffraction patterns at different temperatures.

团队还同步探究了 NXP 的光学性能,室温下采用 410 nm 波长光源激发晶体,材料会在 615 nm 处出现宽谱发射峰,表现出良好的光致发光特性;结合紫外 - 可见吸收光谱与 Tauc 图计算,得到该晶体的光学带隙为 3.12 eV。这款晶体同时兼具自修复、铁弹性、压电、发光等多种功能,进一步丰富了多功能分子晶态材料体系,也为光电功能材料的研发提供了全新的候选方向。

总结及展望

该研究首次利用Ag⁺-N 配位键与 Ag⁺・・・π 相互作用的可逆切换实现分子晶体自修复,开创了区别于动态共价键、离子扩散、分子堆积重排的全新自修复作用机制。研究成功将 MOF 结构与钙钛矿拓扑相融合,构建出全新的中性 X 位 ABX₃型钙钛矿体系,突破了传统钙钛矿的结构局限。这项成果不仅拓展了钙钛矿与 MOF 交叉材料的研究边界,也为设计制备集铁弹性、压电、光学、自修复于一体的智能分子晶体,提供了清晰可行的新思路。后续研究可以围绕有机配体修饰、金属节点调控等方向继续优化该类晶体,针对性调节相变温度、力学强度以及光电性能,推动这类多功能自修复晶体在可调光学器件、低温机电设备、智能传感等实际应用场景中逐步落地。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000716s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=aa460;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000796s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000331s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000277s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000508s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000197s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000576s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 523800 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000455s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1782539040 WHERE `id` = 523800 [ RunTime:0.010630s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000332s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 523800 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000514s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 523800 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000379s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 523800 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.008776s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 523800 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.001428s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 523800 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.001728s ]
0.097237s